Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) and Central Sleep Apnoea (CSA) are two distinct but related sleep disorders. OSA occurs when the throat muscles relax excessively during sleep, leading to airway blockages and interrupted breathing. CSA, on the other hand, results from a communication breakdown between the brain and the respiratory muscles, causing breathing pauses.

Common symptoms include loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, and morning headaches. Diagnosis often involves sleep studies (polysomnography).

Treatment options range from lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and positional therapy, to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices, as well as treatment of any underlying cardiac conditions.

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness, with one subtype also being associated with sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy). It can profoundly impact daily life and safety. Diagnosis typically involves sleep studies and monitoring. Management often includes lifestyle adjustments and medications.